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* tz-link.htm: Change http: to https: for sites that now prefer this,
notably Wikipedia.  Update a few other links to avoid redirects.
Remove Permatime, as it seems defunct.  Add link to USDOT Recent
Time Zone Proceedings.  Remove links to dmoz.org (no longer that
relevant) and to Yahoo! Directory (discontinued as of 2014-12-31).
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Paul Eggert
2015-07-18 15:19:13 -07:00
parent f3fe0c29de
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@ -20,14 +20,14 @@
<h1>Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving Time Data</h1>
<h2>The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
<p>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
time zone database contains code and data
that represent the history of local time
for many representative locations around the globe.
It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">time zone</a>
to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">time zone</a>
boundaries and
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
rules.
This database (often called <code>zoneinfo</code> or
<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>)
@ -36,27 +36,27 @@ including
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
<abbr title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
C Library</a> (used in
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
<a href="http://www.android.com">Android</a>,
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Firefox_OS">Firefox
<abbr title="Operating System">OS</abbr></a>,
<a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
<a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
<a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/"><abbr
title="DJ's GNU Programming Platform">DJGPP</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://ibm.com/aix"><abbr
title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10">BlackBerry 10</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10">BlackBerry 10</a>,
<a href="http://www.apple.com/ios/"><abbr
title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
<a href="http://windows.microsoft.com">Microsoft Windows</a>,
<a href="http://h71000.www7.hp.com">Open<abbr
<a href="http://www8.hp.com/us/en/products/servers/openvms/overview.html">Open<abbr
title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
<a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/index.html">Oracle Database</a>,
<a href="http://oracle.com/solaris">Oracle Solaris</a>, and
@ -78,19 +78,19 @@ and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
and switched back in 2006.
To use the database on an extended <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr></a>
implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
environment variable to the location's full name,
e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
<p>
Associated with each region is a history of offsets from
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
for time stamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
along with alphabetic time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ code</a> and
<a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tzdata-latest.tar.gz">latest data</a> revisions
are also available.
The following <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
these files to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host;
see the downloaded
<code>README</code> file for what to do next.</p>
@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ Here are some links that may be of interest.
<h2>Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
<ul>
<li>The article
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
an encyclopedic summary.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.cstdbill.com/tzdb/tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
@ -186,11 +186,8 @@ Converter</a>
uses a pulldown menu.</li>
<li><a href="http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete
timezone information for all countries</a> displays tables of DST rules.
<li><a href="http://timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock &ndash;
<li><a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock &ndash;
Time Zones</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
<li><a href="http://permatime.com">Permatime</a> generates and views
links that refer to a particular point in time and can be displayed in
multiple time zones.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> lists the weather too.</li>
@ -251,7 +248,7 @@ data</a> converted from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>.</li>
<h2>Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/vzic/">Vzic</a> is a <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29">C</a>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29">C</a>
program that compiles
<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
Vzic is freely
@ -259,9 +256,9 @@ available under the <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
General Public License (<abbr
title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical">tziCal &ndash; tz
<li><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical/">tziCal &ndash; tz
database conversion utility</a> is like Vzic, except for the <a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework">.NET framework</a>
href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework">.NET framework</a>
and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
<li><a
href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/DateTime-TimeZone/">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
@ -275,13 +272,13 @@ License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://howardhinnant.github.io/tz.html">Time Zone
Database Parser</a> is a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and
runtime library. It is freely available under the
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International Public License</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://icu-project.org">International Components for
<li><a href="http://site.icu-project.org">International Components for
Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a>
libraries for internationalization that
has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
@ -305,7 +302,7 @@ are similar to Joda Time, but for the .NET framework instead of
Java. They are freely available under the
<a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>
and a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license, respectively.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based
compilers and libraries include:
<ul>
<li><a href="http://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
@ -327,11 +324,11 @@ It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
<li><a href="http://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo &ndash;
Ruby Timezone Library</a>
compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
<a href="http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
<a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
<li>The <a href="http://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
Library</a> is
a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
zone repository whose format
is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
@ -354,7 +351,7 @@ This library is freely available under the
<abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser General Public License
(<abbr title="Lesser General Public License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>,
and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>'s Glib has
<li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>'s Glib has
a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader written in C that
creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
@ -388,7 +385,7 @@ available under a BSD-style license.</li>
<h2>Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
is an extension for <a href="http://google.com/chrome/">Google
is an extension for <a href="http://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
Chrome</a> and for <a
href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Tech/Toolkit_API">Mozilla
Toolkit</a> applications like <a
@ -409,15 +406,15 @@ under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
<li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
data (mentioned below) used by
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a>
classes such as <a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/windows.globalization.datetimeformatting.datetimeformatter.aspx"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a>.
href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/windows.globalization.datetimeformatting.datetimeformatter.aspx"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a>.
<a
href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/bclteam/archive/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free.aspx">Exploring
Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
which stores time zone data in the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
<a
href="http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone &rarr;
Tzid table</a> or <a
@ -457,10 +454,10 @@ href="http://astrocom.com">Astro Computing Services</a>.
These atlases are extensive but unreliable, as Shanks appears to have
guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
its own <code>tztab</code>(4) format.</li>
<li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned above.</li>
<li><a href="http://worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
<li><a href="http://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
is another time zone database.</li>
<li><a href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/tzones.html">World Time Zones</a>
contains data from the Time Service Department of the
@ -485,13 +482,14 @@ recent editions.
The pictorial quality is good,
but the maps do not indicate summer time,
and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
<li><a href="http://worldtimezone.com">Current time around the world
<li><a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com">Current time around the world
and standard time zones map of the world</a>
has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
<abbr>CIA</abbr>'s
but the maps are more up to date.</li>
<li><a href="http://poisson.phc.unipi.it/~maggiolo/index.php/2014/01/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
<li><a
href="http://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
@ -500,7 +498,7 @@ where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://efele.net/maps/tz/"><abbr>TZ</abbr> timezones
maps</a> contains <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile">shapefiles</a> of
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile">shapefiles</a> of
sets of <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> regions.</li>
<li>The <a href="https://github.com/bradfitz/latlong">latlong package</a>
maps geographical coordinates to a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> region.
@ -523,7 +521,7 @@ world time zone boundaries distributed under the
href="http://spatialnews.geocomm.com/features/timezones/">International
Time Zones and Time Zone Data</a>.</li>
<li>A ship within the <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
waters</a> of any nation uses that nation's time. In international
waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15&deg; apart, except that
<abbr>UTC</abbr>&minus;12 and <abbr>UTC</abbr>+12 are each 7.5&deg;
@ -625,6 +623,10 @@ with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.
The National Physical Laboratory also maintains an <a
href="http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/what-is-time/archive-of-summer-time-dates-1916-2006">Archive
of Summer time dates</a>.</dd>
<dt>United States</dt>
<dd>The Department of Transportation's <a
href="http://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd>
</dl>
<h2>Precision timekeeping</h2>
<ul>
@ -646,7 +648,7 @@ href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4833">Timezone
Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
specifies a <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
option for a server to configure
a client's time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
<li><a href="http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/GMT.UT.and.the.RGO.html">A Few Facts
@ -667,7 +669,7 @@ title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
href="http://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
collection contains C and <a
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
code for converting among time scales like
<abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
<abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
@ -779,13 +781,9 @@ any future changes to the rules. One should never set
local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UTC</abbr> and the time zone
is called "<abbr>GMT</abbr>".</li>
</ul>
<h2>Related indexes</h2>
<h2>See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="tz-art.htm">Time and the Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.dmoz.org/Reference/Time/">Open Directory &ndash;
Reference: Time</a></li>
<li><a href="https://dir.yahoo.com/science/measurements_and_units/time">Yahoo!
Directory &gt; Science &gt; Measurements and Units &gt; Time</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<address>