Revert some zone-to-link changes and add some more; plus related fixes.

Revert zone-to-link changes that changed current time zone
abbreviations.  Add a few more changes, for more consistency.
Make several other fixes discovered while researching this.
* africa (Africa/Accra, Antarctica/Syowa):
* asia (Pacific/Palau):
* australasia (Pacific/Funafuti, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Wake)
(Pacific/Wallis, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Pacific/Chuuk)
(Pacific/Pohnpei):
* northamerica (Pacific/Tahiti):
Remove links, as they are now zones again.
* africa (Africa/Accra, Africa/Maputo):
* antarctica (Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Antarctica/Syowa):
* australasia (Pacific/Tahiti, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Chuuk)
(Pacific/Pohnpei, Pacific/Palau, Pacific/Funafuti, Pacific/Wake)
(Pacific/Wallis):
Restore zone.
* africa (Africa/Accra): Assume DST starting in 1920, as per Scott
Keltie & Epstein 1920.
* asia (Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Phnom_Penh, Asia/Kuwait, Asia/Vientiane)
(Asia/Muscat, Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh, Asia/Aden):
* northamerica (America/Antigua, America/Cayman):
Change from zone to link, as these are also closely related.
* africa (Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura, Africa/Gaborone)
(Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi, Africa/Lusaka):
Now links to Africa/Maputo, not Africa/Johannesburg.
* asia (Asia/Riyadh): Change standard-time transition from 1950
to 1947-03-14.  Add commentary citing Hunt 1961 and CAB 1946.
* australasia (Pacific/Chatham): Assume NZST - 45 min. before 1946.
Add commentary about this.
(Pacific/Pago_Pago): UT-11 from 1911 to 1950.
(WS, Pacific/Apia): Use NZ-style abbreviations.
Switch to "WSST" for Western Samoa standard time before 1950.
Add commentary about Samoa before 1950.
* backward (Africa/Asmera, Africa/Timbuktu, Asia/Saigon):
Redo to avoid link-to-link.
* europe (Hungary, Europe/Bucharest): Several pre-1946
corrections: in 1918 the transition out of DST was on 09-16, not
09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in 1945 it was on
11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08 not
04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920.
(Poland): Add source for 1919.
* southamerica: Add link for America/Antigua.
* NEWS: Document the above.  Add some thanks.

NEWS

@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ Unreleased, experimental changes
     Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities.
     Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia.
 
+    Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and
+    "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice.
+    Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset
+    disagrees with that of American Samoa.
+
     Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time
     zones used 1896-1937.  JWST now stands for Western Standard
     Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT).
@@ -61,21 +66,22 @@ Unreleased, experimental changes
     Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing
     zones only for older UTC offsets where the data were likely invented.
     These changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.  This is
-    similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for Africa and
+    similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for Africa, Asia,
-    the Pacific.  The affected zones are: Africa/Accra, Africa/Addis_Ababa,
+    and a few other locations.  The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa,
     Africa/Asmara, Africa/Bamako, Africa/Bangui, Africa/Banjul,
     Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Brazzaville, Africa/Bujumbura, Africa/Conakry,
     Africa/Dakar, Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Douala,
     Africa/Freetown, Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kampala,
     Africa/Kigali, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Lome,
     Africa/Luanda, Africa/Lubumbashi, Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Malabo,
-    Africa/Maputo, Africa/Maseru, Africa/Mbabane, Africa/Mogadishu,
+    Africa/Maseru, Africa/Mbabane, Africa/Mogadishu, Africa/Niamey,
-    Africa/Niamey, Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Porto-Novo,
+    Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Porto-Novo, Africa/Sao_Tome,
-    Africa/Sao_Tome, Antarctica/DumontDUrville, Antarctica/Syowa,
+    America/Antigua, America/Cayman, Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain,
-    Atlantic/St_Helena, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, Indian/Mayotte,
+    Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh, Asia/Kuwait, Asia/Muscat, Asia/Phnom_Penh,
-    Pacific/Chuuk, Pacific/Funafuti, Pacific/Majuro, Pacific/Midway,
+    Asia/Vientiane, Atlantic/St_Helena, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro,
-    Pacific/Palau, Pacific/Pohnpei, Pacific/Saipan, Pacific/Tahiti,
+    Indian/Mayotte, Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan.  (Thanks to Alan
-    Pacific/Wake, and Pacific/Wallis.
+    Barrett, Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting bugs in earlier
+    versions of this change.)
 
     Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from
     8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory.  Its
@@ -87,9 +93,25 @@ Unreleased, experimental changes
     from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30.
     (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.)
 
-    Finland's 1942 fall-back transition was October 4 at 01:00, not
+    Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950.
+
+    Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was October 4 at 01:00, not
     October 3 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.)
 
+    Pacific/Apia and Pacific/Pago_Pago have been changed from UTC-11:30 to
+    UTC-11 for the period from 1911 to 1950.
+
+    Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus
+    45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in
+    the New Zealand parliament.
+
+    Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition
+    out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in
+    1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08
+    not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920.
+
+    Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935.
+
     Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in
     the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi,
     Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and
@@ -149,6 +171,8 @@ Unreleased, experimental changes
     Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized.
     (Thanks to Tim Parenti).
 
+    There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919.
+
     In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it
     is uninhabited.
 

africa

@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
 
 # Botswana
 # Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899.
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Burkina Faso
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
 # Burundi
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Cameroon
 # See Africa/Lagos.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912 # N'Djamena
 
 # Democratic Republic of Congo
 # See Africa/Lagos for the western part of the country.
-# See Africa/Johannesburg for the eastern part of the country.
+# See Africa/Maputo for the eastern part of the country.
 
 # Republic of the Congo
 # See Africa/Lagos.
@@ -152,7 +152,6 @@ Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912 # N'Djamena
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
 			 0:00	-	GMT
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra	# Ghana
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
 Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
@@ -398,7 +397,22 @@ Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
 # See Africa/Lagos.
 
 # Gambia
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
 # Ghana
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
+# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
+# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
+# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
+# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s
+
 # Guinea
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 
@@ -421,7 +435,6 @@ Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
-Link Africa/Nairobi Antarctica/Syowa
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
@@ -505,7 +518,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # Malawi
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # Mali
 # Mauritania
@@ -904,7 +917,16 @@ Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
 
 # Mozambique
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
 
 # Namibia
 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
@@ -971,7 +993,7 @@ Link Indian/Reunion Indian/Alfred_Faure
 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
 
 # Rwanda
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# See Africa/Maputo.
 
 # St Helena
 # See Africa/Abidjan.
@@ -1011,14 +1033,6 @@ Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
 			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
 			2:00	SA	SAST
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Blantyre   # Malawi
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Bujumbura  # Burundi
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Gaborone   # Botswana
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Harare	   # Zimbabwe
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Kigali	   # Rwanda
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Lubumbashi # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Lusaka	   # Zambia
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maputo	   # Mozambique
 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
 #
@@ -1162,4 +1176,4 @@ Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
 
 # Zambia
 # Zimbabwe
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+# See Africa/Maputo.

antarctica

@@ -180,10 +180,15 @@ Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Français
 # year-round base in the main continent
 # Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
 # <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
-# See Pacific/Port_Moresby.
 #
 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	zzz	1947
+			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
+			0	-	zzz	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
 
 # France & Italy - year-round base
 # Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
@@ -207,11 +212,12 @@ Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	zzz	1950	# Port-aux-Français
 # Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	zzz	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
 # See:
 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
 # <http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html>
-#
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
 
 # S Korea - year-round base
 # Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014

asia

@@ -140,10 +140,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
 
 # Bahrain
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# See Asia/Qatar.
-Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920		# Manamah
-			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
-			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Bangladesh
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
@@ -266,12 +263,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880		# or Yangon
 			6:30	-	MMT		   # Myanmar Time
 
 # Cambodia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
-Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
+
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # China
 
@@ -1432,9 +1425,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
 			9:00	Japan	J%sT
 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
 
-# The following region has been like Asia/Tokyo since at least 1970.
-Link Asia/Tokyo Pacific/Palau
-
 # Jordan
 #
 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
@@ -1700,25 +1690,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1890
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Kuwait
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
-# From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
-# The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
-# by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
-# Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
-# <http://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=9950>.
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
-# We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
-# so for now we assume no DST.
-Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST
 
 # Laos
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
-Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Lebanon
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1935,12 +1910,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
 			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
 
 # Oman
-
+# See Asia/Dubai.
-# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
-			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Pakistan
 
@@ -2440,11 +2410,35 @@ Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920	# Al Dawhah / Doha
 			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
 			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 
 # Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jidda mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1950
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
 			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden   # Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
 
 # Singapore
 # The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
@@ -2717,6 +2711,12 @@ Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
 			7:00	-	ICT
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	# Vietnam
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh	# Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane	# Laos
 
 # Turkmenistan
 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
@@ -2732,6 +2732,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat		# Oman
 
 # Uzbekistan
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -2752,30 +2753,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			5:00	-	UZT
 
 # Vietnam
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
-# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
-# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
-# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
-# and Pottenger.
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
-# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
-# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
-
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
-			7:06:20	-	SMT	1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
-			7:00	-	ICT	1912 May
-			8:00	-	ICT	1931 May
-			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Yemen
-
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
-# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
-# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
-			3:00	-	AST

australasia

@@ -355,7 +355,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Rikitea
 			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
 Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
 			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
-# See Pacific/Honolulu for Tahiti.
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Papeete
+			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
 # it is uninhabited.
 
@@ -371,10 +372,6 @@ Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901		# Bairiki
 			 12:00	-	GILT		 # Gilbert Is Time
-Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Funafuti # Tuvalu
-Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Majuro   # Marshall Is (most locations)
-Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wake     # in US minor outlying islands
-Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wallis   # Wallis and Futuna
 Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
 			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
 			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
@@ -388,17 +385,21 @@ Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
 # See Pacific/Guam.
 
 # Marshall Is
-# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
+			12:00	-	MHT
 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
 			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20	# Kwajalein Time
 			12:00	-	MHT
 
 # Micronesia
-# See Pacific/Guadalcanal for Pohnpei.
-# See Pacific/Port_Moresby for Chuuk.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			10:00	-	CHUT			# Chuuk Time
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kolonia
+			11:00	-	PONT			# Pohnpei Time
 Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
 			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct	# Kosrae Time
 			12:00	-	KOST	1999
@@ -461,7 +462,8 @@ Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
 Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
 			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
 			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
-Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1957 Jan  1
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	CHAST	1946 Jan  1
 			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
 
 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
@@ -504,15 +506,15 @@ Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901		# Kingston
 			11:30	-	NFT		# Norfolk Time
 
 # Palau (Belau)
-# See Asia/Tokyo.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		# Koror
+			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
 
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
-Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
-Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Chuuk # in Micronesia
 
 # Pitcairn
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -523,7 +525,6 @@ Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901		# Adamstown
 # American Samoa
 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
 			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr	# N=Nome
 			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30	# B=Bering
 			-11:00	-	SST			# S=Samoa
@@ -599,15 +600,15 @@ Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
-Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
 Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
-Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
 Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
-			-11:30	-	SAMT	1950		# Samoa Time
+			-11:30	-	WSST	1950
-			-11:00	WS	WS%sT	2011 Dec 29 24:00
+			-11:00	WS	S%sT	2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
 			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
 
 # Solomon Is
@@ -615,7 +616,6 @@ Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct	# Honiara
 			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
-Link Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Pohnpei # in Micronesia
 
 # Tokelau Is
 #
@@ -654,7 +654,9 @@ Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
 
 # Tuvalu
-# See Pacific/Tarawa.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
 
 
 # US minor outlying islands
@@ -725,7 +727,10 @@ Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
 
 # Wake
-# See Pacific/Tarawa.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
+
 
 # Vanuatu
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -740,7 +745,9 @@ Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
 
 # Wallis and Futuna
-# See Pacific/Tarawa.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -789,7 +796,10 @@ Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 #	 10:30	LHST	LHDT	Lord Howe*
 #	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
 #	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
-#	 12:45	CHAST	CHADT	Chatham*
+#	 12:15	CHAST		Chatham through 1945*
+#	 12:45	CHAST	CHADT	Chatham 1946-present*
+#	 13:00	WSST	WSDT	(western) Samoa 2011-present*
+#	-11:30	WSST		Western Samoa through 1950*
 #	-11:00	SST		Samoa
 #	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
 #	- 8:00	PST		Pitcairn*
@@ -1414,6 +1424,19 @@ Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26)
+# <http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf>.
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 
@@ -1531,7 +1554,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
 
 
-# Samoa
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
 
 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
@@ -1539,6 +1562,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13		# Vila
 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
 
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
+# in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa subtracted a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
 
 # Tonga
 

backward

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 # This file provides links between current names for time zones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
 
-Link	Africa/Asmara		Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
-Link	Africa/Bamako		Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
 Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
 Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
 Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
 Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
 Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
 Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
-Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Bangkok		Asia/Saigon
 Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang

europe

@@ -1297,15 +1297,20 @@ Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1321,7 +1326,7 @@ Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
-			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1883,6 +1888,10 @@ Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 
 # Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S

northamerica

@@ -592,7 +592,6 @@ Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00 #Schmitt&Cox
 			-10:00	-	HST
 
 Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
-Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Tahiti # in French Polynesia
 
 # Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
 
@@ -1344,7 +1343,6 @@ Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
 # says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
 # For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
 # Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
-# for post-1970 data America/Puerto_Rico.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -2492,13 +2490,8 @@ Zone America/Santa_Isabel	-7:39:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:20:32
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Anguilla
-# See 'southamerica'.
-
 # Antigua and Barbuda
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
-Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
-			-5:00	-	EST	1951
-			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Bahamas
 #
@@ -2565,10 +2558,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
 			-4:00	US	A%sT
 
 # Cayman Is
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Link America/Panama America/Cayman
-Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
-			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Costa Rica
 
@@ -2795,7 +2785,7 @@ Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
 			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
 
 # Dominica
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Dominican Republic
 
@@ -2847,7 +2837,7 @@ Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921		# San Salvador
 # Guadeloupe
 # St Barthélemy
 # St Martin (French part)
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Guatemala
 #
@@ -3008,7 +2998,7 @@ Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Montserrat
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Nicaragua
 #
@@ -3091,7 +3081,7 @@ Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00    # San Juan
 
 # St Kitts-Nevis
 # St Lucia
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
 # There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
@@ -3102,7 +3092,7 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
 			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
 
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 # Turks and Caicos
 #
@@ -3137,7 +3127,7 @@ Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
 
 # British Virgin Is
 # Virgin Is
-# See 'southamerica'.
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
 
 
 # Local Variables:

southamerica

@@ -1593,6 +1593,7 @@ Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
 
 # These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
 Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
 Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
 Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
 Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe