From 39e6a2ed33e2496eded77d0791075fa882b2d599 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Arthur David Olson Date: Thu, 25 Mar 1999 09:47:30 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] Eggert mods SCCS-file: Theory SCCS-SID: 7.7 --- Theory | 154 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 154 insertions(+) diff --git a/Theory b/Theory index cf1f659..37d7206 100644 --- a/Theory +++ b/Theory @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Time and date functions Names of time zone regions Time zone abbreviations + Calendrical issues ----- Time and date functions ----- @@ -283,3 +284,156 @@ in practice: e.g. `EST' has a different meaning in Australia than it does in the United States. In new applications, it's often better to use numeric UTC offsets like `-0500' instead of time zone abbreviations like `EST'; this avoids the ambiguity. + + +----- Calendrical issues ----- + +Calendrical issues are a bit out of scope for a time zone database, +but they indicate the sort of problems that we would run into if we +extended the time zone database further into the past. An excellent +resource in this area is Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold, + +Calendrical Calculations +, Cambridge University Press (1997). Other information and +sources are given below. They sometimes disagree. + + +France + +Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20. +French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31, +and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23. + + +Russia + +From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02): +On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar'' +with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week. +On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the +Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it +reverted to the 7-day week. With the 6-day week the usual days +off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month. +(Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_) + + +Sweden (and Finland) + +From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader) + +Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale? + +Date: 1996-07-06 + +In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian. Sweden +decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of +those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap +year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar +different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years. + +However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through; +they did, after all, have a leap year that year. And one in 1708. In 1712 +they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that +year!... + +Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner, +getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule. + +(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers +produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia" +by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och +kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).) + + +Grotefend's data + +From: "Michael Palmer" +Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question +Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german +Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800 +Message-ID: <199902091032.CAA09644@netcom10.netcom.com> + +The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of +European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the +Gregorian calendar: + +04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman + Catholics and Danzig only) +09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine + +21 Dec 1582/ + 01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau +10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (L"uttich) +13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg +04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier +05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg, + Salzburg, Brixen +13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsass and Breisgau +20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel +02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of J"ulich-Berg +02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of K"oln +04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of W"urzburg +11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz +16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden +17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of M"unster and duchy of Cleve +14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark + +06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia +11/22 Jan 1584 - Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn +12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz +22 Jan/ + 02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587) + Jun 1584 - Unterwalden +01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen + +16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn + +14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania + +22 Aug/ + 02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia + +13/24 Dec 1514 - Pfalz-Neuburg + + 1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in + 1796) + + 1624 - bishopric of Osnabr"uck + + 1630 - bishopric of Minden + +15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim + + 1655 - Kanton Wallis + +05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg + +18 Feb/ + 01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in + Germany), Denmark, Norway +30 Jun/ + 12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen +10 Nov/ + 12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel + +31 Dec 1700/ + 12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Z"urich, Bern, Basel, Geneva, + Turgau, and Schaffhausen + + 1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen + +01 Jan 1750 - Pisa and Florence + +02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain + +17 Feb/ + 01 Mar 1753 - Sweden + +1760-1812 - Graub"unden + +The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not +convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917. + +Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen +Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend +(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.